Copolymer binder

ABSTRACT

A copolymer including a monomer A with a molar ratio a varying between around 0.01 and around 0.20, a monomer B with a molar ratio b varying between around 0.2 and around 0.4, and a monomer C with a molar ratio c varying between around 0.50 and around 0.70, the monomer A being a hydrophilic monomer including a pendant chain of poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) with low molar weight, the monomer B being a hydrophobic monomer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around −30° C. or less, the monomer C being a monomer that is more hydrophobic than the monomer Band having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° C. or more, said monomers being organised in a hydrophilic segment, a hydrophobic segment and an intermediate segment located between the hydrophilic segment and the hydrophobic segment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/094,687, filed on Mar. 1, 2019, which is a U.S. national stage ofInternational Application No. PCT/CA2017/050505, filed on Apr. 24, 2017,which claims the benefit of Canadian Application No. 2,928,216, filed onApr. 26, 2016 and the benefit of Canadian Application No. 2,928,121,filed on Apr. 22, 2016. The entire contents of each of U.S. applicationSer. No. 16/094,687, International Application No. PCT/CA2017/050505,Canadian Application No. 2,928,216, and Canadian Application No.2,928,121 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a copolymer binder useful as a binderfor lithium-ion battery electrodes.

BACKGROUND

Secondary lithium-ion batteries are used as energy sources in laptopcomputers, cellular telephones, electric tools and electronic andcommunication devices, where they make it possible to reduce size andweight. In recent years, lithium-ion secondary batteries have also beenused for electric cars and hybrid cars. There is a strong demand forsecondary lithium-ion batteries with a high performance, large capacity,and long lifetime for the latter applications.

A secondary lithium-ion battery typically includes a positive electrodeincluding a lithium metal compound such as a lithium and cobalt oxide ora material of the olivine type (for example LiMPO₄ (where M=Fe, Mn, Coand/or Ni) as active material; a negative electrode including acarbonaceous material such as graphite as active material; and anelectrolytic solution (electrolyte) typically including carbonates assolvent. A secondary lithium-ion battery is charged and discharged bythe movement of the lithium ions between the positive electrode and thenegative electrode.

The positive electrode is typically obtained by applying a fixedsuspension made up of the active material and a binder on the surface ofa positive electrode current collector such as an aluminum sheet, bydrying the suspension, then cutting the current collector to anappropriate size.

Similarly, the negative electrode is obtained by applying a fixedsuspension made up of the active material and a binder on the surface ofa negative electrode current collector such as a copper sheet, by dryingthe suspension, then cutting the current collector to an appropriatesize.

The binders used for the electrodes of secondary lithium-ion batteriesserve to bind the active materials to one another and to bind the activematerials to the current collector to prevent the unsticking of theactive materials from the surface of the current collector.

Polymeric binders are widely used to assist with the cohesion andadhesion of the active materials of batteries on the collector. Thesebinders are typically electrochemically inactive, stable and chemicallyinert polymers. They contribute significantly to the mass and thestability of the battery.

At this time, the most used polymer as binder is poly(vinyl difluoride)(PVDF). This polymer is typically dissolved in a toxic solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, NMP)) with a very high boiling temperature (202° C.).Although this polymer is very effective as a binder and iselectrochemically inert, it comprises substantial problems in terms ofits industrial use, such as a high production cost and a substantialenergy demand to evaporate the solvent during the manufacture ofelectrodes. Furthermore, from an electrochemical perspective, its use ina battery with a liquid electrolyte causes LiF formation, whichaccelerates the chemical breakdown of the PVDF. Another factor thataccelerates the breakdown speed of the electrode is the lack offlexibility of the PVDF; the contraction and expansion effects caused bythe cycling creating the formation of cracks in the electrode.

Another polymeric coating traditionally used consists of a mixture ofstyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and methylcellulose (CMC). The SBR allowsgood adhesion to the collector, while the CMC helps thicken thedispersion and the adhesion of the active materials to one another.However, the SBR has a negative impact on the conductivity of theelectrode. Furthermore, although this mixture is very effective in thecase of LiFePO₄ and LTO (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂), it is not very effective in thecase of LCO (LiCoO₂) for example.

Poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl acid)(PVA) have also been used as polymeric binder for electrodes. However,their glass transition higher than the ambient temperature causes a lackof flexibility.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to:

-   1. A copolymer comprising:    -   a monomer A with a molar ratio a varying between around 0.01 and        around 0.20, preferably between around 0.05 and around 0.10,    -   a monomer B with a molar ratio b varying between around 0.15 and        around 0.4, preferably between around 0.15 and around 0.30, and    -   a monomer C with a molar ratio c varying between around 0.50 and        around 0.70, preferably between around 0.60 and around 0.70,    -   the monomer A being a hydrophilic monomer comprising a pendant        chain of poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) with a low molar mass,    -   the monomer B being a hydrophobic monomer with a glass        transition temperature (Tg) of around −30° C. or less,    -   the monomer C being more hydrophobic than the monomer B and        having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° C. or        more,    -   said monomers being organized in:    -   a hydrophilic segment,    -   a hydrophobic segment, and    -   an intermediate segment located between the hydrophilic segment        and the hydrophobic segment,    -   the intermediate segment having a hydrophilicity midway between        the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic segment and the        hydrophilicity of the hydrophobic segment,    -   the hydrophilic segment comprising the monomer A and part of the        monomer B, and the intermediate segment and the hydrophobic        segment comprising the rest of the monomer B as well as the        monomer C, the intermediate segment being enriched with the        monomer B relative to the hydrophobic segment and the        hydrophobic segment being enriched with the monomer C relative        to the intermediate segment.-   2. The copolymer according to item 1, wherein the copolymer further    comprises a monomer D, which is a monomer chemically cross-linkable    in water, in a molar ratio d varying between around 0 and around    0.10.-   3. The copolymer according to item 1 or 2, wherein the copolymer has    the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   A, B, C and D respectively representing the monomers A, B, C and        D and    -   a, b, c and d respectively representing the molar ratios a, b, c        and d.

-   4. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the    molar mass of the pendant chain of POE varies between around 300 and    around 2000 g/mol, preferably between around 300 and around 1000    g/mol, and more preferably between around 300 and around 500 g/mol.

-   5. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 4, wherein the    monomer A is polyethylene glycol methyl acrylate or polyethylene    glycol methyl methacrylate.

-   6. The copolymer according to item 5, wherein the monomer A has the    formula:

-   -   wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and x represents        a number of POE repetition units such that the molar mass of the        POE chain is as defined in item 4.

-   7. The copolymer in any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B varies between around    −30° C. and about −60° C.

-   8. The copolymer in any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B is around −40° C. or    less,

-   9. The copolymer in any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B varies between around    −40° C. and about −60° C.

-   10. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 9, wherein the    monomer B is:    -   n-butyl acrylate,    -   another acrylate or methacrylate having a Tg of around −30° C.        or less, in particular an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, the        alkyl being non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the        chain end, with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups, the        alkoxy being non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the        chain end, with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups,        preferably with an alkoxy group;    -   butyl vinyl ether, or    -   a mixture thereof.

-   11. The copolymer according to item 10, wherein the monomer B is    n-butyl acrylate, iso-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate,    n-dodecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,    2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate,    2-methoxyethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, glycol methyl ether    acrylate ethylene, butyl vinyl ether, or a mixture thereof.

-   12. The copolymer according to item 11, wherein the monomer B is    n-butyl acrylate or butyl vinyl ether.

-   13. The copolymer according to item 12, wherein the monomer B is    n-butyl acrylate.

-   14. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 13, wherein the    monomer C is styrene or a derivative thereof, acrylonitrile,    Vinazene™ (a derivative of imidazole, more particularly    2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole), methyl methacrylate, tert-butyl    methacrylate, acryloylmorpholine, phenyl methacrylate,    vinylferrocene, ferrocenemethyl methacrylate or a mixture thereof.

-   15. The copolymer according to item 14, wherein the monomer C is    styrene or acrylonitrile.

-   16. The copolymer according to item 15, wherein the monomer C is    styrene.

-   17. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 16, comprising    acrylamide diketone as monomer D.

-   18. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 17, wherein the    monomer A is polyethylene glycol methyl acrylate or polyethylene    glycol methyl methacrylate, the monomer B is n-butyl acrylate and    the monomer C is styrene, preferably the copolymer has the following    formula:

-   -   wherein R and x are as defined in item 6 and a, b and c are as        defined in item 1.

-   19. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 18, wherein the    copolymer further comprises acrylamide diketone as monomer D,    preferably the copolymer has the following formula:

-   -   wherein R and x are as defined in item 6, a, b and c are as        defined in item 1 and d is as defined in item 2.

-   20. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 19, wherein the    glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer is between around    0° C. and around 20° C. and preferably between around 5° C. and    around 10° C.

-   21. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 20, wherein the    molar mass (M_(n)) of the copolymer is between around 100,000 g/mol    and around 300,000 g/mol, and preferably between 150,000 g/mol and    around 200,000 g/mol.

-   22. A use of a copolymer as defined according to any one of items 1    to 21 as binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode.

-   23. A binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode comprising a    copolymer as defined according to any one of items 1 to 21.

-   24. A binder suspension comprising a copolymer as defined according    to any one of items 1 to 21 suspended in water.

-   25. The binder suspension according to item 24, comprising around    10% and around 20%, and preferably between around 10% and around    13%, in percentage by weight, of the copolymer based on the total    weight of the suspension.

-   26. The binder suspension according to item 24 or 25, additionally    comprising a surfactant.

-   27. The binder suspension according to item 26, comprising between    around 3% and around 7%, in percentage by weight, of the surfactant    based on the total weight of the suspension.

-   28. The binder suspension according to any one of items 24 to 27,    wherein the copolymer is cross-linked.

-   29. A binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode comprising a binder    suspension as defined in any one of items 24 to 28.

-   30. A use of the binder suspension as defined in any one of items 24    to 28 as binder for the lithium-ion battery electrode.

-   31. A method for manufacturing an electrode for a lithium-ion    battery comprising the following steps:    -   a) forming a binder suspension as defined in any one of items 24        to 28,    -   b) adding an active material to the binder suspension, thus        forming a suspension for the electrode,    -   c) applying the suspension for the electrode to the surface of        an electrode current collector, and    -   d) drying, thus forming a membrane on the electrode current        collector.

-   32. The method according to item 30, wherein step a) comprises    cross-linking of the copolymer via the monomer D.

-   33. The method according to item 31, wherein step a) uses a    dihydrazine or dihydrazide compound as cross-linking agent for the    cross-linking of the monomer D.

-   34. The method according to item 32, wherein step a) uses    dihydrazide adipic acid as cross-linking agent.

-   35. The method according to any one of items 30 to 33, wherein the    method further comprises, after step d), the step for cutting the    electrode current collector to an appropriate size.

-   36. A suspension for an electrode, comprising a binder suspension as    defined in any one of items 24 to 28 and additionally comprising an    active material for a lithium-ion battery electrode.

-   37. The suspension for an electrode according to item 36, comprising    between around 80% and around 95%, preferably between around 90% and    around 95% or between around

-   80% and around 90%, in percentage by weight, of the active material    based on the total dry weight of the suspension for an electrode.

-   38. The suspension for an electrode according to item 36 or 37,    additionally comprising carbon black.

-   39. The suspension for an electrode according to item 38, comprising    between around 1% and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in percentage    by weight, of carbon black based on the total dry weight of the    suspension for an electrode.

-   40. The suspension for an electrode according to any one of items 36    to 38, additionally comprising carbon fibers.

-   41. The suspension for an electrode according to item 40, comprising    between around 1% and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in percentage    by weight, of carbon fibers based on the total dry weight of the    suspension for an electrode.

-   42. The suspension for an electrode according to any one of items 36    to 41, comprising between around 2% and around 15%, preferably    between around 3% and around 10%, and more preferably between around    5% and around 10%, in percentage by weight, of the copolymer based    on the total dry weight of the suspension for an electrode.

-   43. An electrode for a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrode    current collector having, over at least part, preferably all, of its    surface, a membrane formed by a mixture of the copolymer as defined    in any one of items 1 to 21 and at least one active material.

-   44. A lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a    negative electrode and an electrolytic solution in contact with the    positive electrode and the negative electrode; the positive    electrode and/or the negative electrode being an electrode according    to the invention as defined according to item 38.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the polymerization kinetics of the polymer of the half-cell3 as monitored by NMR of the proton.

FIGS. 2 and 3 A) and B) are SEM images of the surface of an electrodeaccording to one embodiment of the invention at differentmagnifications.

FIGS. 4 A) and B) are SEM images of a cross-section of an electrodeaccording to one embodiment of the invention at differentmagnifications.

FIG. 5 shows an EDX image of a cross-section of an electrode accordingto one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 6 A) and B) show the capacity of the half-cells 1 a, 1 b, 2 a and2 b and 3, 4 and 5 during 200 charge/discharge cycles.

FIGS. 7 A) and B) show the capacity of the half-cells 1 b and 2 b and 3,4 and 5 as a function of the charge rate.

FIG. 8 shows the capacity of the half-cells 1 b, 2 b, and reference(PVDF) during 100 charge/discharge cycles at different discharge rates(+C/4-1 C; +C/4-3 C; +C/4-4 C and +C/4-1 C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention therefore relates to a copolymer comprising

-   -   a monomer A with a molar ratio a varying between around 0.01 and        around 0.20, preferably between around 0.05 and around 0.10,    -   a monomer B with a molar ratio b varying between around 0.15 and        around 0.4, preferably between around 0.15 and around 0.30, and    -   a monomer C with a molar ratio c varying between around 0.50 and        around 0.70, preferably between around 0.60 and around 0.70,        the monomer A being a hydrophilic monomer comprising a pendant        chain of poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) with a low molar mass, the        monomer B being a hydrophobic monomer with a glass transition        temperature (Tg) of around −30° C. or less, the monomer C being        more hydrophobic than the monomer B and having a glass        transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° C. or more, said        monomers being organized in:    -   a hydrophilic segment,    -   a hydrophobic segment, and    -   an intermediate segment located between the hydrophilic segment        and the hydrophobic segment,        the intermediate segment having a hydrophilicity midway between        the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic segment and the        hydrophilicity of the hydrophobic segment,        the hydrophilic segment comprising the monomer A and part of the        monomer B, and the intermediate segment and the hydrophobic        segment comprising the rest of the monomer B as well as the        monomer C, the intermediate segment being enriched with the        monomer B relative to the hydrophobic segment and the        hydrophobic segment being enriched with the monomer C relative        to the intermediate segment.

Thus, the copolymer therefore has a hydrophilicity gradient from thehydrophilic segment to the hydrophobic segment through the intermediatesegment.

In preferred embodiments, the copolymer further comprises a monomer D,which is a monomer chemically cross-linkable in water, in a molar ratiod varying between around 0 and around 0.10, preferably between around0.01 and around 0.10. The monomer D being hydrophilic and water-soluble,it is found in the hydrophilic segment of the copolymer.

In preferred embodiments, the copolymer has the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   A, B, C and D respectively representing the monomers A, B, C and        D and    -   a, b, c and d respectively representing the molar ratios a, b, c        and d.

As mentioned above, the copolymer according to the invention comprisessegments with different hydrophilicities: In other words, the copolymeris amphiphilic. The advantages of this feature will be explained thefollowing sections.

Therefore, still as mentioned above, a, b, c and d are molar ratios. Inother words, for example,

$a = {\frac{{number}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {monomer}\mspace{14mu} A}{{total}\mspace{14mu} {number}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {monomer}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {the}\mspace{14mu} {copolymer}}.}$

Thus as a result, the sum of these molar ratios, (a+b+c) or, if themonomer D is present (a+b+c+d), is necessarily equal to 1. It will benoted that d varies between around 0 and around 0.10. When d is 0, themonomer D is absent.

As mentioned above, the monomer A is a POE derivative with a low molarmass, this last feature making it possible to avoid crystallization ofthe POE pendant chains. In certain embodiments of the invention, themolar mass of the POE pendant chain varies between around 300 and around2000 g/mol, preferably between around 300 and around 1000 g/mol, andmore preferably between around 300 and around 500 g/mol.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the monomer A is for examplea glycol polyethylene methyl acrylate or a glycol polyethylene methylmethacrylate. Thus, the monomer A has the formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and x represents a numberof POE repetition units such that the molar mass of the POE chain is asdefined above.

In embodiments of the invention, the monomer B for example has a Tgbetween about −30° C. and about −60° C. In embodiments, the monomer Bhas a Tg of −40° C. or less, for example a Tg between about −40° C. andabout −60° C.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the monomer B may for examplebe:

-   -   n-butyl acrylate,    -   any other acrylate or methacrylate having an appropriate Tg, in        particular an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, the alkyl being        non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the chain end,        with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups, the alkoxy        being non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the chain        end, with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups,        preferably with an alkoxy group; such as iso-decyl acrylate,        n-decyl methacrylate, n-dodecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl        acrylate, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl        acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, glycol        methyl ether acrylate ethylene, etc.,    -   butyl vinyl ether, or    -   a mixture thereof.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the monomer B is n-butylacrylate or butyl vinyl ether, preferably n-butyl acrylate.

Hereinafter, the terms “alkyl” and “alkoxy” (i.e., —O-alkyl) refer, inpreferred embodiments, to groups comprising from 1 to 20, preferablyfrom 1 to 12, carbon atoms.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the monomer C is for examplestyrene and derivative thereof, acrylonitrile, Vinazene™ (a derivativeof imidazole, more particularly 2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole), methylmethacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, acryloylmorpholine, phenylmethacrylate, vinylferrocene, ferrocenemethyl methacrylate or a mixturethereof. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the monomer C isstyrene or acrylonitrile, preferably styrene.

In some embodiments of the invention, the monomer D is absent.

However, in some other embodiments of the invention, the monomer D ispresent. In preferred embodiments, the monomer D is for exampleacrylamide diketone.

In some embodiments of the invention, the copolymer is not cross-linked.In other embodiments, the copolymer is cross-linked via the monomer D.

In preferred embodiments of the invention, the copolymer comprisespolyethylene glycol methyl acrylate or polyethylene glycol methylmethacrylate as monomer A, n-butyl acrylate (Tg≈−49° C.) as monomer Band styrene (Tg≈90° C.) as monomer C. As a result, the copolymertherefore has the following formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and x, a, b and c are asdefined above. In certain specific embodiments of the invention, thiscopolymer additionally comprises acrylamide diketone as monomer D andtherefore has the following formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and x, a, b, c and d areas defined above.

In embodiments of the invention, the glass transition temperature (Tg)of the copolymer is between around 0° C. and around 20° C. andpreferably between around 5° C. and around 10° C.

In embodiments of the invention, the molar mass (M_(n)) of the copolymeris between around 100,000 g/mol and around 300,000 g/mol, and preferablybetween 150,000 g/mol and around 200,000 g/mol.

Method for Manufacturing the Copolymer

The copolymer described above can be manufactured by emulsionpolymerization in water. To that end, the monomers are added in water.Depending on their solubility in the water, the monomers will be foundin solution in the water (monomer A and, depending on the case, monomerD), in hydrophobic droplets that are not miscible in water (monomer C)or in both mediums (monomer B), which produces an emulsion that is usedas reaction medium. A water-soluble radical polymerization initiator isused. The initiator may for example be potassium persulfate or any otherwater-soluble initiator. A nonionic surfactant, such as Triton X-100, isused to stabilize the emulsion.

Thus, in the reaction medium, the different monomers are found in thewater and/or in hydrophobic droplets while the initiator is solubilizedin the water. As a result, the polymerization begins with the monomerssolubilized in the water (i.e., monomer A, a small part of monomer Band, if applicable, monomer D), thus creating the hydrophilic segment ofthe copolymer. The reaction continues with the polymerization of themonomers in the droplets (the majority of the monomer B and the monomerC), beginning mainly with the monomer B, thus creating the intermediatesegment, and ending primarily with the monomer C, lastly creating thehydrophobic segment.

This reaction therefore produces the copolymer described above, whichhas a hydrophilicity gradient that can be described as having thehydrophilic, intermediate and hydrophobic segments as they are describedabove.

Use of the Copolymer

The present invention also relates to the use of the copolymer describedabove as binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode, and therefore abinder for a lithium-ion battery electrode comprising said copolymer.

The present invention also relates to a binder suspension.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the binder suspension comprisesthe copolymer described above suspended in water. In the presentdocument, reference will sometimes be made to said binder suspension asa “latex”. This suspension may be used as binder for a lithium-ionbattery electrode, and the invention therefore relates to a binder for alithium-ion battery electrode comprising said binder suspension. Inpreferred embodiments, said binder suspension comprises between around10% and around 20%, and preferably between around 10% and around 13%, inpercentage by weight, of the copolymer based on the total weight of thesuspension.

In preferred embodiments, said binder suspension additionally comprisesa surfactant in order to stabilize the suspension. In preferredembodiments, said binder suspension comprises between around 3% andaround 7%, in percentage by weight, of the surfactant based on the totalweight of the suspension.

The present invention also relates to a binder suspension as describedabove, in which the copolymer is cross-linked.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the binder suspension is madeup of the reaction mixture in which the copolymer was manufactured. Itis in fact possible to reuse said mixture directly, by diluting it withwater as needed.

The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing anelectrode for a lithium-ion battery. This method comprises the followingsteps:

-   -   a) providing a binder suspension as described above,    -   b) adding an active material to the binder suspension, thus        forming a suspension for the electrode,    -   c) applying the suspension for the electrode to the surface of        an electrode current collector, and    -   d) drying, thus forming a membrane on the electrode current        collector.

In some embodiments of the invention, step a) comprises cross-linkingthe copolymer via the monomer D. To that end, it is possible to add, tothe binder suspension, a dihydrazine or dihydrazide compound, such asdihydrazide adipic acid, as cross-linking agent. The reaction occurs atambient temperature in several minutes.

In some embodiments of the invention, said method further comprises,after step d), the step for cutting the electrode current collector toan appropriate size.

The present invention also relates to a suspension for an electrode,comprising a binder suspension as defined above, and additionally, anactive material for a lithium-ion battery electrode. In preferredembodiments, this suspension for an electrode comprises between around80% and around 95%, preferably between around 90% and around 95% orbetween around 80% and around 90%, in percentage by weight, of theactive material based on the total dry weight of the suspension for anelectrode.

Said suspension may also comprise other ingredients typically used inlithium-ion batteries, for example carbon black and/or carbon fibers.One example of carbon black is Denka™ Black AB HS-100 carbon black. Oneexample of carbon fibers are VGCF™-H carbon fibers. In preferredembodiments, the suspension for an electrode comprises between around 1%and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in percentage by weight, of carbonblack based on the total dry weight of the suspension for an electrode.In preferred embodiments, the suspension for an electrode comprisesbetween around 1% and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in percentage byweight, of carbon fibers based on the total dry weight of the suspensionfor an electrode.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the suspension for an electrode(comprising the active material, the copolymer and, if applicable, theother ingredients) comprises between around 2% and around 15%,preferably between around 3% and around 10%, and more preferably betweenaround 5% and around 10%, in percentage by weight, of the copolymerbased on the total dry weight of the suspension for an electrode.

The present invention also relates to an electrode for a lithium-ionbattery comprising an electrode current collector having, over at leastpart, preferably all, of its surface, a membrane formed by a mixture ofthe copolymer as described above and at least one active material andoptionally said other ingredients, such as the carbon black and thecarbon fibers.

In the embodiments of the invention described above, the electrodecurrent collector, the active materials and the other ingredients, suchas the carbon black and the carbon fibers, are electrode currentcollectors, active materials and ingredients conventionally used in theelectrodes for lithium-ion batteries. These are well known by thoseskilled in the art.

Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a lithium-ion batterycomprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and anelectrolytic solution in contact with the positive electrode and thenegative electrode; the positive electrode and/or the negative electrodebeing an electrode according to the invention as described above.

In the embodiments of the invention described above, the electrolyticsolution is an electrolytic solution conventionally used in lithium-ionbatteries. Such solutions are well known by those skilled in the art.

Advantages of the Invention

In certain embodiments of the invention, one or another of the followingadvantages may be observed.

The solvent used, both for polymerization and for the suspension inorder to manufacture the electrode, is water: a solvent that respectsthe environment and is inexpensive. Furthermore, the low boiling pointof water (compared to the NMP) is beneficial in the method formanufacturing the electrodes at least in terms of decreasing energycosts.

Therefore, depending on the active materials, the suspension may notrequire a thickening agent (CMC). The amphiphilic nature of thecopolymer indeed allows a better dispersion of the inorganic materials(active materials) in the suspension in order to manufacture theelectrodes.

Furthermore, the copolymer may contribute to the ionic conductivity ofthe electrode. Thus, the binder would no longer be an inactive mass inthe lithium-ion battery. More particularly, the hydrophilic partcomprising poly(ethylene oxide) makes it possible to increase theflexibility, adhesion and ionic conductivity of the membrane on theelectrode. Furthermore, POE is useful to disperse the inorganicparticles and to stabilize the suspension, where it makes it possible tostabilize the polymer droplets. If the membrane is more flexible, thedurability of the electrode increases, since crack formation in theelectrodes during their use is limited.

The hydrophobic part is inter alio made up of a monomer having a highglass transition temperature, which makes it possible to modulate theoverall glass transition temperature of the copolymer based on the needsfor flexibility and adhesion specific to the electrode materials. In thecase where this monomer, e.g., styrene, comprises an aromatic ring, thelatter allows better dispersion of the carbon by pi stacking effect.

Furthermore, the stability of the electrode during cycling as well asthe adhesion can be improved owing to the cross-linking of the copolymervia the monomer D.

Lastly, the preparation of the copolymer requires only one synthesisstep.

Other aims, advantages and functions of the present invention willbecome apparent during the following description of possibleembodiments, provided solely as examples, in connection with thefollowing figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following ingredients were used:

Acronym Description Function PEGMA 300 Poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, Monomer A PEGMA 500 300 g/mol and 500 g/mol

nBA N-butyl acrylate Monomer B

Styrene

Monomer C Acrylamide diketone

Monomer D Triton ™ X-100 t-octylphenoxy-polyethoxyethanol Surfactant

KPS Potassium persulfate Polymerization initiator Nanopure water SolventLFP Lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, grade Active P2 material forelectrode ADH Dihydrazide adipic acid Cross-linking initiator

Denka Denka ™ Black AB HS-100 carbon black; Carbon black acetylene black(a carbon black obtained from the thermal decomposition of acetylene)VGCF-H VGCF ™-H carbon fibers, vapor- Carbon fibers synthesized carbonnanofibers with high crystallinity (“vapor grown carbon fibers”)

Polymers with the following formula were prepared:

where, in both cases, R=methyl.

The following monomers in the following quantities were used to producethese polymers, which were next used in the half-cells identified below:

Half-cell 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b 3 4 5 PEGMA 300 2.0 g 2.0 g — — PEGMA 500 —— 2.0 g 2.0 g nBA 2.8 g 2.8 g 2.3 g 1.8 g Styrene 5.2 g 5.2 g 5.2 g 5.2g Acrylamide — — 0.5 g 1.0 g diketone

The polymers were prepared in a 250 ml flask in which 80 ml of water wasadded with PEGMA 300 or 500 and 0.5 g of triton X-100. The reactionmixture was agitated until dissolution. The styrene and nBA were addedto the flask, then the solution was agitated for 30 minutes at 750 rpmin order to create an emulsion. The emulsion was degassed under N₂ for30 min, then 100 mg of KPS was added. The emulsion was heated to 80° C.under agitation for 8 hours under nitrogen.

The kinetics of this polymerization were analyzed by NMR of the proton.The results are shown in FIG. 1 for the polymer of the half-cell 3. Thisfigure shows the preferential insertion of the nBA at the beginning ofpolymerization. Indeed, at the beginning of polymerization, the polymercontains a large quantity of nBA and little styrene, then the reverse istrue at the end of polymerization. It should be noted that the PEGMA,not shown in FIG. 1, was completely polymerized during the first 15 min.

Next, suspensions for electrodes (slurries) were prepared. To that end,the reaction mixture resulting from the production of the copolymers wasfirst homogenized in a roll mill for 72 h. A Thinky™ centrifugalplanetary mixer was next used to incorporate the other ingredientstherein (6 times 5 minutes of mixing). Lastly, the viscosity of thesuspension was adjusting by adding water as needed to the mixture whileagitating for 5 minutes with the Thinky™ mixer.

The suspensions for the different half-cells contained the followingingredients and showed the following viscosities and cross-linkingpercentages:

Half-cell 1a and 2a 1b and 2b 3 4 5 LFP 92.00% 90.00% 84.00% 83.00%83.00% Polymer of the invention 3.00% 5.00% — — — (provided in the formof the reaction mixture 1a, 2a, 1b and 2b containing 10.8% solid matter)Polymer of the invention — — 10.00% — — (provided in the form of thereaction mixture 3 containing 12% solid matter) Polymer of the invention— — — 10.00% — (provided in the form of the reaction mixture 4containing 12% solid matter) Polymer of the invention — — — — 10.00%(provided in the form of the reaction mixture 5 containing 12% solidmatter) ADH — — — 1.000% 1.000% Denka 2.50% 2.50% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00%VGCF-H 2.50% 2.50% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Cross-linking (%) 0 0 0 1 0.5Viscosity (cps) 1 1 19 11 10

Positive electrodes were produced by placing the suspensions on aluminumcollectors by using Dr. Blade's technique. Next, the electrodes weredried for 1 h at 80° C. and next for 1 h at 120° C.

For comparison, electrodes were produced by replacing the polymers ofthe invention with poly(vinyl difluoride) (PVDF) or styrene-butadienerubber (SBR) with methyl cellulose (CMC) (SBR/CMC).

The conductivity of the electrodes was measured in S/cm by aconductivity meter. Furthermore, the adhesion of the polymeric coatingto the collector was measured in N/m by a T-peel by Instron™. Theresults obtained are shown below.

Conductivity Adhesion Electrode (mS/cm) (N/m) 1a — 4.4 1b — 7.4 2a 3.121 2b 2.6 21 3 3.0 119 4 3.3 155 5 3.9 152

One can see that the polymeric coatings containing the polymers of theinvention have an excellent adhesion. As a comparison, the PVDF and theSBR/CMC respectively have an adhesion of 13 N/m and 10 N/m as measuredin our facilities. When used at 5%, the invention makes it possible tohave an adhesion of 21 N/m with no cross-linking agent. Furthermore,this value may be increased when cross-linking is used (compare inputs 3and 4).

The electrodes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FIGS.2 to 4). FIGS. 2 and 3 show the surface of the electrode, while FIG. 4shows a cross-section. The images in these figures show that the polymer(dark) makes it possible to disperse the particles of active material(lighter) homogeneously and that each of the particles is coated withpolymer.

The electrodes were studied by energy dispersive analysis (EDX) of thecarbon. FIG. 5 shows an EDX image of a cross-section of an electrodeaccording to one embodiment of the invention. Once again, one can seethe good dispersion and the homogeneity of the material making up theelectrode.

Furthermore, the electrodes had the following thicknesses, densities andcharges:

Thickness Density Charge Electrode (μm) (g/cm³) (mg/cm²) 1b 75 0.802.4-2.6 2b 60 0.99 2.1-2.6 3 42 1.98 3.7 4 42 1.72 3.5 5 44 1.35 3.0-3.6PVDF 46 1.90 4.9

Half-cells were manufactured from the above electrodes, a 200 μm lithiumanode and an electrolyte (LiPF₆ in a mixture of ethylene carbonate anddiethyl carbonate (EC-DEC) containing 2% vinyl carbonate (VC)).

The half-cells were studied at a potential of 2.0-4.0 V and atemperature of 25° C.

First, 200 charge/discharge cycles (−C/4+1 C and −4/C+1 C) were done toevaluate the stability of the capacity of the half-cells with use. Theresults are shown in FIGS. 6 A) and B).

Next, the capacity of the half-cells as a function of the charge rate(Ragonne) was measured. The results are shown in FIGS. 7 A) and B).

The stability of the half-cells during 100 charge/discharge cycles atdifferent rates (+C/4-1 C; +C/4-3 C; +C/4-4 C and +C/4-1 C) was measuredand is shown in FIG. 8.

The following results were also obtained:

Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Retention after Retention afterHalf- C/24 1 C 4 C 10 C 50 cycles 100 cycles cell (mAh/g) (mAh/g)(mAh/g) (mAh/g) (%) (%) 1a 151 99 58 36 70 62 1b 150 85 50 29 63 55 2a156 139 126 102 75 nd 2b 154 136 116 91 81 nd 3 139 115 99 78 80 76 4148 130 91 47 84 78 5 150 130 117 101 83 81

These electrochemical results show that these polymers allow goodperformances when they are used in electrochemical cells with a LFPcathode.

The scope of the claims must not be limited by the preferred embodimentsillustrated in the examples, but must instead receive the broadestpossible interpretation in accordance with the description as a whole.

EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the application include:

-   1. A copolymer comprising:    -   a monomer A with a molar ratio a varying between around 0.01 and        around 0.20, preferably between around 0.05 and around 0.10,    -   a monomer B with a molar ratio b varying between around 0.15 and        around 0.4, preferably between around 0.15 and around 0.30, and    -   a monomer C with a molar ratio c varying between around 0.50 and        around 0.70, preferably between around 0.60 and around 0.70,    -   the monomer A being a hydrophilic monomer comprising a pendant        chain of poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) with a low molar weight,    -   the monomer B being a hydrophobic monomer with a glass        transition temperature (Tg) of around −30° C. or less,    -   the monomer C being more hydrophobic than the monomer B and        having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° C. or        more,    -   said monomers being organized in:    -   a hydrophilic segment,    -   a hydrophobic segment, and    -   an intermediate segment located between the hydrophilic segment        and the hydrophobic segment,    -   the intermediate segment having a hydrophilicity midway between        the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilic segment and the        hydrophilicity of the hydrophobic segment,    -   the hydrophilic segment comprising the monomer A and part of the        monomer B, and the intermediate segment and the hydrophobic        segment comprising the rest of the monomer B as well as the        monomer C, the intermediate segment being enriched with the        monomer B relative to the hydrophobic segment and the        hydrophobic segment being enriched with the monomer C relative        to the intermediate segment.-   2. The copolymer according to embodiment 1, wherein the copolymer    further comprises a monomer D, which is a monomer chemically    cross-linkable in water, in a molar ratio d varying between around 0    and around 0.10.-   3. The copolymer according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the    copolymer has the following formula:

-   -   wherein:    -   A, B, C and D respectively representing the monomers A, B, C and        D and    -   a, b, c and d respectively representing the molar ratios a, b, c        and d.

-   4. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein    the molar mass of the POE pendant chain varies between around 300    and around 2000 g/mol, preferably between around 300 and around 1000    g/mol, and more preferably between around 300 and around 500 g/mol.

-   5. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein    the monomer A is polyethylene glycol methyl acrylate or polyethylene    glycol methyl methacrylate.

-   6. The copolymer according to embodiment 5, wherein the monomer A    has the formula:

-   -   wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and x represents        a number of POE repetition units such that the molar mass of the        POE chain is as defined in embodiment 4.

-   7. The copolymer in any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B varies between around    −30° C. and about −60° C.

-   8. The copolymer in any one of items 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B is around −40° C. or    less,

-   9. The copolymer in any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the glass    transition temperature (Tg) of the monomer B varies between around    −40° C. and about −60° C.

-   10. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9,    wherein the monomer B is:    -   n-butyl acrylate;    -   another acrylate or methacrylate having a Tg of around −30° C.        or less, in particular an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, the        alkyl being non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the        chain end, with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups, the        alkoxy being non-substituted or substituted, preferably at the        chain end, with one or several hydroxy and/or alkoxy groups,        preferably with an alkoxy group;    -   butyl vinyl ether, or    -   a mixture thereof.

-   11. The copolymer according to embodiment 10, wherein the monomer B    is n-butyl acrylate, iso-decyl acrylate, n-decyl methacrylate,    n-dodecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,    2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate,    2-methoxyethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, glycol methyl ether    acrylate ethylene, butyl vinyl ether, or a mixture thereof.

-   12. The copolymer according to embodiment 11, wherein the monomer B    is n-butyl acrylate or butyl vinyl ether.

-   13. The copolymer according to embodiment 12, wherein the monomer B    is n-butyl acrylate.

-   14. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13,    wherein the monomer C is styrene or a derivative thereof,    acrylonitrile, Vinazene™ (a derivative of imidazole, more    particularly 2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole), methyl methacrylate,    tert-butyl methacrylate, morpholine acryloyl, phenyl methacrylate,    ferrocene vinyl, ferrocene metal that acrylate or a mixture thereof.

-   15. The copolymer according to embodiment 14, wherein the monomer C    is styrene or acrylonitrile.

-   16. The copolymer according to embodiment 15, wherein the monomer C    is styrene.

-   17. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 16,    comprising acrylamide diketone as monomer D.

-   18. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17,    wherein the monomer A is polyethylene glycol methyl acrylate or    polyethylene glycol methyl methacrylate, the monomer B is n-butyl    acrylate and the monomer C is styrene, preferably the copolymer has    the following formula:

-   -   wherein R and x are as defined in embodiment 6 and a, b and c        are as defined in embodiment 1.

-   19. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18,    wherein the copolymer further comprises acrylamide diketone as    monomer D, preferably the copolymer has the following formula:

-   -   wherein R and x are as defined in embodiment 6, a, b and c are        as defined in embodiment 1 and d is as defined in embodiment 2.

-   20. The copolymer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 19,    wherein the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer is    between around 0° C. and around 20° C. and preferably between around    5° C. and around 10° C.

-   21. The copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 20, wherein the    molar mass (M_(n)) of the copolymer is between around 100,000 g/mol    and around 300,000 g/mol, and preferably between 150,000 g/mol and    around 200,000 g/mol.

-   22. A use of a copolymer as defined according to any one of    embodiments 1 to 21 as binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode.

-   23. A binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode comprising a    copolymer as defined according to any one of embodiments 1 to 21.

-   24. A binder suspension comprising a copolymer as defined according    to any one of embodiments 1 to 21 suspended in water.

-   25. The binder suspension according to item 24, comprising around    10% and around 20%, and preferably between around 10% and around    13%, in percentage by weight, of the copolymer based on the total    weight of the suspension.

-   26. The binder suspension according to embodiment 24 or 25,    additionally comprising a surfactant.

-   27. The binder suspension according to embodiment 26, comprising    between around 3% and around 7%, in percentage by weight, of the    surfactant based on the total weight of the suspension.

-   28. The binder suspension according to any one of embodiments 24 to    27, wherein the copolymer is cross-linked.

-   29. A binder for a lithium-ion battery electrode comprising a binder    suspension as defined in any one of embodiments 24 to 28.

-   30. A use of the binder suspension as defined in any one of    embodiments 24 to 28 as binder for the lithium-ion battery    electrode.

-   31. A method for manufacturing an electrode for a lithium-ion    battery comprising the following steps:    -   a) forming a binder suspension according to any one of        embodiments 24 to 28,    -   b) adding an active material to the binder suspension, thus        forming a suspension for the electrode,    -   c) applying the suspension for the electrode to the surface of        an electrode current collector, and    -   d) drying, thus forming a membrane on the electrode current        collector.

-   32. The method according to embodiment 30, wherein step a) comprises    cross-linking of the polymer via the monomer D.

-   33. The method according to embodiment 31, wherein step a) uses a    dihydrazine or dihydrazide compound as cross-linking agent for the    cross-linking of the monomer D.

-   34. The method according to embodiment 32, wherein step a) uses    dihydrazide adipic acid as cross-linking agent.

-   35. The method according to any one of embodiments 30 to 33, wherein    the method further comprises, after step d), the step for cutting    the electrode current collector to an appropriate size.

-   36. A suspension for an electrode, comprising a binder suspension as    defined in any one of embodiments 24 to 28 and additionally    comprising an active material for a lithium-ion battery electrode.

-   37. The suspension for an electrode according to embodiment 36,    comprising between around 80% and around 95%, preferably between    around 90% and around 95% or between around 80% and around 90%, in    percentage by weight, of the active material based on the total dry    weight of the suspension for an electrode.

-   38. The suspension for an electrode according to embodiment 36 or    37, additionally comprising carbon black.

-   39. The suspension for an electrode according to embodiment 38,    comprising between around 1% and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in    percentage by weight, of carbon black based on the total dry weight    of the suspension for an electrode.

-   40. The suspension for an electrode according to any one of    embodiments 36 to 38, additionally comprising carbon fibers.

-   41. The suspension for an electrode according to embodiment 40,    comprising between around 1% and around 5%, preferably around 3%, in    percentage by weight, of carbon fibers based on the total dry weight    of the suspension for an electrode.

-   42. The suspension for an electrode according to any one of    embodiments 36 to 41, comprising between around 2% and around 15%,    preferably between around 3% and around 10%, and more preferably    between around 5% and around 10%, in percentage by weight, of the    copolymer based on the total dry weight of the suspension for an    electrode.

-   43. An electrode for a lithium-ion battery comprising an electrode    current collector having, over at least part, preferably all, of its    surface, a membrane formed by a mixture of the copolymer as defined    in any one of embodiments 1 to 21 and at least one active material.

-   44. A lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a    negative electrode and an electrolytic solution in contact with the    positive electrode and the negative electrode; the positive    electrode and/or the negative electrode being an electrode according    to the invention as defined according to embodiment 38.

REFERENCES

-   1. H. Yamamoto and H. Mori, in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Science and    Technologies, 2009, pp. 163-179.-   2. A. Guerfi, M. Kaneko, M. Petitclerc, M. Mori and K. Zaghib,    Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 163, 1047-1052.-   3. S. F. Lux, F. Schappacher, A. Balducci, S. Passerini and M.    Winter, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 157, A320-A325.-   4. B. Tran, I. O. Oladeji, Z. Wang, J. Calderon, G. Chai, D.    Atherton and L. Zhai, Electrochimica Acta, 88, 536-542.-   5. S. L. Chou, Y. Pan, J. Z. Wang, H. K. Liu and S. X. Dou, Physical    Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16, 20347-20359.-   6. J.-T. Lee, Y.-J. Chu, X.-W. Peng, F.-M. Wang, C.-R. Yang and    C.-C. Li, Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 173, 985-989.-   7. Z. P. Cai, Y. Liang, W. S. Li, L. D. Xing and Y. H. Liao, Journal    of Power Sources, 2009, 189, 547-551.-   8. L. Gong, M. H. T. Nguyen and E.-S. Oh, Electrochemistry    Communications, 29, 45-47.-   9. H.-K. Park, B.-S. Kong and E.-S. Oh, Electrochemistry    Communications, 13, 1051-1053.-   10. D. Nguyen, H. S. Zondanos, J. M. Farrugia, A. K. Serelis, C. H.    Such and B. S. Hawkett, Langmuir, 2008, 24, 2140-2150.-   11. M. H. T. Nguyen and E.-S. Oh, Electrochemistry Communications,    35, 45-48.-   12. J.-C. Daigle, A. A. Arnold, L. Piche and J. P. Claverie, Polymer    Chemistry, 4, 449-452.-   13. N. Kessel, D. R. Illsley and J. L. Keddie, Journal of Coatings    Technology Research, 2008, 5, 285-297.-   14. A. Pich, Y. Lu and H. J. Adler, Colloid and Polymer Science,    2003, 281, 907-915.

1. A copolymer comprising: a monomer A with a molar ratio a varyingbetween around 0.01 and around 0.20, preferably between around 0.05 andaround 0.10, a monomer B with a molar ratio b varying between around0.15 and around 0.4, preferably between around 0.15 and around 0.30, anda monomer C with a molar ratio c varying between around 0.50 and around0.70, preferably between around 0.60 and around 0.70, the monomer Abeing a hydrophilic monomer comprising a pendant chain of poly(ethyleneoxide) (POE) with a low molar weight, the monomer B being a hydrophobicmonomer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around −30° C. orless, the monomer C being more hydrophobic than the monomer B and havinga glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80° C. or more, saidmonomers being organized in: a hydrophilic segment, a hydrophobicsegment, and an intermediate segment located between the hydrophilicsegment and the hydrophobic segment, the intermediate segment having ahydrophilicity midway between the hydrophilicity of the hydrophilicsegment and the hydrophilicity of the hydrophobic segment, thehydrophilic segment comprising the monomer A and part of the monomer B,and the intermediate segment and the hydrophobic segment comprising therest of the monomer B as well as the monomer C, the intermediate segmentbeing enriched with the monomer B relative to the hydrophobic segmentand the hydrophobic segment being enriched with the monomer C relativeto the intermediate segment.